牧草抗旱机理与节水灌溉技术研究

在干旱、半干旱地区，牧草因长期处于亏水环境中，形成了一定的抗性，存在一个较宽的对水分利用相对较高的生理耗水阈值。木文从这一水分生理角度出发，在充分研究牧草生理生态适旱系列变化过程的基础上，确定了几种干旱半干旱草地的经济耗水量，并制定出相应的经济灌溉制度。     

麦秆湿解反应水溶液循环对固形产物的影响

为了减少生物质湿解过程的排放和水的消耗,以麦秆为原料,麦秆湿解水溶液为溶剂,在高温高压反应釜中,进行了反应温度为220℃,停留时间为120 min条件下的水循环湿解实验研究,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析仪的检测分析结果对使用循环水作为溶剂时的麦秆湿解固体产物的微晶结构、化学组成和热稳定性进行了深入分析。研究发现,随水循环次数的增加,固体产物产率和固碳率逐渐增加,同使用新鲜水的麦秆湿解实验相比较,水循环第6次时,固体产物产率和固碳率分别增加至78.7%和92.4%;麦秆湿解固体的有序化程度亦随水循环次数的增加而增加,微晶结构接近于石墨化的程度逐渐提高,有机官能团和脂肪族结构逐渐减少,芳香化和炭化程度逐渐提高;热重分析表明,麦秆湿解固体热稳定性较好,并随水循环次数的增加,热稳定性逐渐增强。麦秆湿解反应水溶液循环利用有益于固体目标产物的生成,并可改善产物的理化特性。     

柞蚕丝素/丙二醇共混膜的制备及性能测试

为了开发适用于人工皮肤、创面覆盖等的生物材料,用硫氰酸锂溶液溶解柞蚕丝素纤维,制备不同配比的柞蚕丝素(TSF)/丙二醇共混膜。用X-射线衍射法、红外光谱法对不同配比共混膜的结构进行表征,并测定其溶失率和分析其力学性能变化。当TSF/丙二醇共混膜中丙二醇的质量分数<30%时,共混膜的聚集态结构主要以α-螺旋结构为主,此时共混膜的溶失率较高,仍有30%左右;随着共混膜中丙二醇的质量分数增加,共混膜的聚集态结构逐渐向β-折叠结构转变,溶失率也随之降低;当共混膜中丙二醇的质量分数达到45%以上时,共混膜基本不溶于水,溶失率<2%。同时,当共混膜中丙二醇的质量分数达到30%时,共混膜的断裂伸长率显著增大,虽然断裂强度有所减小,但即使丙二醇的质量分数达到45%时,断裂强度仍然有20 MPa左右。研究结果显示,丙二醇的加入能显著降低柞蚕丝素膜的溶失率,并改善其力学性能。     

日光温室番茄畦上覆膜沟灌增产和节水效果分析

以番茄品种东圣1号为试材,以传统沟灌为对照,研究了畦上覆膜沟灌(膜上沟灌和膜下沟灌)对番茄生长、产量及水分生产效率的影响。结果表明:在灌水量减少的情况下,膜上沟灌保持根区0～40cm土层墒情的能力高于其他灌溉方式;膜下沟灌更有利于番茄的生长发育,植株长势较好,并且较传统沟灌显著增产11.34%;相对于传统沟灌,膜上沟灌和膜下沟灌分别节约灌溉用水31.33%和27.00%,水分生产效率提高50%以上。     

Effect of different drip irrigation methods and fertilization on growth,physiology and water use of young apple tree

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three drip irrigation methods (i.e. conventional drip irrigation (CDI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated with full watering, alternate drip irrigation (ADI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated alternatively with half of the full watering, and fixed drip irrigation (FDI), only one side of the root-zone irrigated with half of the full watering) on growth, physiology, root hydraulic conductance and water use of young apple tree under different nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) fertilization (i.e. CK (no fertilization), N₁ (0.2 g N/kg), N₂ (0.4 g N/kg), P₁ (0.2 g P₂O₅/kg) and P₂ (0.4 g P₂O₅/kg)). Results show that compared to CDI, ADI and FDI reduced mean root dry mass, daily transpiration, root hydraulic conductance (K_r), leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of young apple tree by 6.9 and 27.7, 29.3 and 45.0, 6.8 and 37.9, 2.5 and 4.8, 32.6 and 33.0, 22.1 and 22.3%, but increased leaf water use efficiency (WUE) by 31.3 and 29.8%, respectively when they saved irrigation water by 50%. Compared to the CK, N or P fertilization significantly increased K_r, and K_r was increased with the increased N or P fertilization level. There were parabolic correlations between K_r and root dry mass, daily transpiration and stomatal conductance. Our results indicate that ADI reduced transpiration rate significantly, but it did not reduce photosynthesis rate and K_r significantly, thus alternate drip irrigation improved WUE and the regulation ability of water balance in plants.     

太行山北部中山幼林地土壤水分的研究

以太行山北部山西五台山中山地区幼林地土壤为研究对象，在阳坡、阴坡和半阳坡三种代表性立地上，从土壤水势、水容量等持水特性和土壤水分季节变化角度，并结合树木抗旱性和生长，研究了该地区土壤水分供应状况及其与造林成活和幼林生长的关系。研究表明，土壤有效水范围为－０．３－－２０ｂａｒ，正常生长水在－０．３－－３ｂａｒ，轻胁迫水－３－－１０ｂａｒ，中胁迫水为－１０－－２０ｂａｒ；土壤持水特性和有效水范围以阳坡最小，半阳坡最大；土壤自然含水率和有效水含量随降水而呈明显的季节变化特征，阴坡全年土壤含水率高，有效水充足，造林成活率高，幼林生长快，半阳坡和阳坡土壤含水率低，有效水较少，林木易于受旱，需选择抗旱树种，采取抗旱造林措施；整地可明显改善土壤水分状况，是抗旱造林和促进幼林生长的良好措施。     

E_1级麻屑板用脲醛树脂胶的研究

根据亚麻屑的胶接特性,从脲醛胶的固体含量、粘度、游离甲醛、耐水性、固化时间、施工胶液特性及经济效益等方面系统地研究了适合低甲醛释放量麻屑板生产用脲醛树脂胶的物理力学及化学性能。研究结果表明,使用改进的脲醛树脂胶(命名为DN—9号和DN—11号低毒腮醛胶)可以压制出甲醛释放量小于10mg/100g的E1级麻屑板,其物理力学性能达到GB 4896—4905—35标准     

Water transport in wood particle material

An analogy between water flux and the field of temperature gradient in a column of wood fuel chips was discovered by these experiments. The heat—mass transfer coefficient was determined by least squares method. An equation relating water flux and temperature gradient was developed and it was demonstrated that the temperature gradient was the main driving force for water transport. The mechanism was evaporation—condensation of water vapor through natural convection in air phase. The study gives a theoretical explanation for analyzing the problem of water transport in wood particle material.     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL AGGREGATE INLARCH AND LARCH-WALNUT FORESTS

Theinfluenceofpureormixedforestonsoilpropertiesandtheproductivityofstandhasbeenagreatinteresttoforesters.Theauthour,throughalongperoidofresearchwork'foundthatLarch-Walnutmixedforestimprovedthephysicochemicalpropertiesofsoilandincreasedsoilferti1ity,andthattheacidationofsoilunderLarchforestwasalong-termprocess.Toinquireintothechangesinsoilproperties,water-stableaggregateofthesoilwasspeciallystudiedandsatisfactoryresulthasbeenrecieved.It'savailabletousethean1ountofaggregateasanindicatortotheeff…     

屋顶花园节水技术探讨

本文在分析屋顶花园用水问题的基础上,提出了可行的屋顶花园节水养护技术,包括选择抗旱植物和进行节水型植物配置,加强种植土和排水层的储水能力,使用喷灌、滴灌和地下滴灌等节水的灌溉方式。